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Table of Contents
Page
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii
CHAPTER I
The Northmen
Various claims to the first peopling of America . . . . . . . .1
Newfoundland first discovered by accident by the Northmen,
who give it the name of Win-land. . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Wild vine Martha's Vineyard Isle of Bacchus. . . . . . . . .7
Bay of Exploits Gander-Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Skroellingers or Esquimaux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Red Indians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Maritime intercourse interrupted by the increase of the Arctic Ice15
Voyage of the two Zenos of Venice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Estotiland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Revolution in Win-land in the beginning of the fifteenth century20
Savage life not the natural state of man . . . . . . . . . . . 22
CHAPTER II
John and Sebastian Cabot
Discovery of the Brazils the effect of accident. . . . . . . . 23
Columbus applies to Henry VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Venice John Cabot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Voyages of John and Sebastian Cabot to Newfoundland. . . . . . 26
Bonavista Baccalaos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
This discovery attributed by some writers to Sebastian . . . .ib.
Fabian's account of three natives of Newfoundland brought to
England by Cabot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Further account of Sebastian Cabot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Remarks of Purchas, Sir William Monson, &c. On this
discovery of Newfoundland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Want of precision in the writers of those times. . . . . . . . 34
CHAPTER III
Continuation of the History from 1497 to 1548
The Newfoundland fishery frequented as early as the year 1500. 35
Gaspar de Corte Real, in 1501. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Conception Bay Terra Corterealis, or New Britain Labrador.ib.
Voyages of Verazani by order of Francis I. . . . . . . . . . . 40
Attempt of Robert Thorne, of Bristol, by order of Henry VIII,
towards a passage to the Indies by the North Pole, 1527 . .
Why France attended at that time to voyages of discovery
less than other nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
James Cartier, of Saint Maloes, in 1534. . . . . . . . . . . . 42
The same, in 1535. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
De Roberval, of Picardy, receives a most extensive
grant from Francis I. And makes great preparations
for a voyage to North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Cartier's third voyage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Hoarc, of London, sails for Newfoundland, in 1536,
with a considerable number of gentlemen of fortune. . . . 47
Their extreme distress in that island and return to England49-53
Rapid increase of the British Newfoundland fisheries,
and first act of parliament respecting them . . . . . . . 54
CHAPTER IV
Continuation from 1548 to 1630
Why colonies were not sooner sent to America . . . . . . . . . 57
Sir Humphrey Gilbert, "the parent of all the British plantations in America,"
makes the first attempt towards a settlement there in Newfoundland
for which he obtains a patent from Queen Elizabeth, and sails for
that island in 1578 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
New regulations on property in fishing-rooms in 1582 . . . . . 59
Sir Humphrey gilbert's second voyage in 1583 . . . . . . . . . 60
He arrives at Saint John's and takes formal possession of the island62
Inquires into its nature, inhabitants, and productions . . . . 65
Supposed discovery of mines of iron, silver, &c. . . . . . . . 66
Conspiracies among his crews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Loss of the Delight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Loss of sir Humphrey in the Squirrel, on his return to England 72
Sir Walter Raleigh sails for North America . . . . . . . . . . 74
Sir Francis Drake sails for Newfoundland . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
First attempt in the seal-fishery by Richard Strang, of
Apsham, in 1593 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Rice Jones, of Bristol, in 1594. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Charles Leigh and Van Herwick, of London, in 1597. . . . . . .ib.
De la Roche sails with a grant from Henry IV. Of France in 159879
Chauvin, in 1600 and 1601. Canadian trade. . . . . . . . . . 80
Samuel Champlain takes a part in the quarrels of the Indians
in Canada, and supplies them with fire-arms . . . . . . . 81
Hackluyt forms an association of men of rank for the purpose of
establishing colonies in North America, in 1606 . . . . .ib.
Attempt to discover a north-west passage in 1606 . . . . . . .ib.
Quebec founded in 1607, and James-town in 1608 . . . . . . . .ib.
Voyage of John Knight to Labrador and Newfoundland . . . . . . 82
Henry Hudson and John Guy, in 1610 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Whitburn sent to Newfoundland, in 1614, with a commission from
the Admiralty to impanel juries, &c.. . . . . . . . . . . 84
State of the English fisheries there in 1614 and 1615. . . . .ib.
Settlements then existing in Saint John's, Torbay, &c. . . . . 85
Doctor Vaughan and Whitburn at Ferryland, in 1615. . . . . . . 86
Avalon founded by Sir George Calvert and Edward Wynne, in 1623ib.
Wynne's and Powell's accounts of the state of cultivation in
the new province. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Other improvements at Ferryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Colony sent from Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Defeat of a French squadron on that coast by Lord Baltimore, who
leaves Newfoundland in 1632, and afterwards founds Maryland89
CHAPTER V
Continuation from 1633 to 1702
Charles I. encourages the English settlements and fisheries in
North America, and issues a commission for the better
government of Newfoundland, in 1633 . . . . . . . . . . . 90
His example is followed by France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Sir David Kirk carries a colony to Newfoundland in 1654
The number of settlements there increases rapidly,
the principal of which are Saint John's, Ferryland, and Quidy-Vidy
Placentia founded by the French . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Consequences of Colbert's measures respecting the French fisheries
at Newfoundland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Ordinance of Louis XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
War with France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Failure of an attempt against Placentia. . . . . . . . . . . . 96
France aims at the possession of all North America . . . . . . 98
Attempt of Nesmond, in 1696, on Saint John's . . . . . . . . .101
Capture by Brouillan and Ibberville of the whole island,
except Bonavista and Carboner-Harbour . . . . . . . . . .102
Fruitles expedition of Admiral Nevil and Sir John Gibson . . .103
Peace of Rhyswick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Sir John Norris, Governor in 1697, Sir Stafford Fairborne,
in 1700, and Sir John Leake, in 1702 Distinguished
character of the officers appointed to that station from 1675104
King William's act "to encourage the trade to Newfoundland". .105
Fishing Admirals and other important regulations for the better
government of the fishery and administration of justice .106
Formation of "the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign
Parts"108
First missionary in Newfoundland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
CHAPTER VI
Retrospective view of the Newfoundland Fishery, and of the accounts of
that Island by different writers of the seventeenth century112
CHAPTER VII
Continuation of the History from 1702 to 1713
War with France Hostilities in Newfoundland. . . . . . . . .120
Fruitless expedition of Vice-Admiral Graydon . . . . . . . . .121
Fruitless attempt of the French against Saint John's . . . . .123
Gallant and successful operations of a small English
squadron on the northern coast of Newfoundland. . . . . .124
Resolution of parliament respecting that island in 1707. . . .129
Saint John's taken and destroyed in 1708 . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Fruitless attempt of the French against Carbonier. . . . . . .130
Alarm in England respecting Newfoundland . . . . . . . . . . .131
Fruitless expedition against Quebec and Placentia. . . . . . .133
Treaty of Utrecht. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Death of Queen Anne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Disorders occasioned by the Jesuits in Nova Scotia and Newfoundlandib.
Disputes respecting boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
CHAPTER VIII
Continuation from 1713 to 1763
Effects of the act of King William respecting
Newfoundland Insufficiency of the system of judicature
established by that act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Appointment of a Civil Governor; of a Court of Oyer and Terminer;
of a High Sheriff; of Justices of the Peace in out-harbours;
and of Floating Surrogates, in 1728. . . . . . . . . .140
Lord Graham Admiral Byng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Court of Vice-Admiralty established. . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Appointment of a Naval Officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
France loses her part of Newfoundland, and the island
of Cape-Breton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Origin of the war in 1755. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Beginning of hostilities on the coast of Newfoundland. . . . .149
Sir Charles Hardy Lord Rodney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
Ancient custom in Saint John's in cases of insolvency. . . . .152
Captain James Webb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Captain, afterwards Lord, Graves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
Claim of Spain to the Newfoundland fishery . . . . . . . . . .155
War with Spain in 1762 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Bay Bulls, Saint John's, Carbonier, Trinity, &c. taken
by a French squadron under Admiral de Ternay. . . . . . .ib.
Retaken by Lord Colville and Sir Jeffrey Amherst . . . . . . .159
Robert Carter Charles Garland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Captain James Cook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Distress in Saint John's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
Treaty of Paris in 1763. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Coast of Labrador annexed to the government Newfoundland . . .173
Tenor of the commissions of the peace issued at that time. . .174
Court of Oyer and Terminer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Abuses respecting fishing-rooms, the administration
of justice, &c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
Scot and a party of native Indians . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Effects of the Treaty of Paris on the Newfoundland fisheries .182
Population of the island in 1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
CHAPTER IX
Continuation from 1763 to 1775
Alarm in England respecting Newfoundland . . . . . . . . . . .186
Increase of the fisheries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
Captain Hugh Palliser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
Captain Byron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
Disturbances in Newfoundland Custom House. . . . . . . . . .191
Sir Roger Curtis (Note). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
Disturbances in the American colonies. . . . . . . . . . . . .194
Suspension of supplies from the continent. . . . . . . . . . .197
Sir Hugh Pallister's act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
Captain Duff Salmon fisheries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
CHAPTER X
Continuation from 1775 to 1793
American privateers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Rear-Admiral Montague Proclamation for the protection
of the Newfoundland Indians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
Sudden recall of the French fisherman and mariners
from the bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
War with France Rear-Admiral Edwards . . . . . . . . . . . .208
Vice-Admiral Campbell Mr. Aaron Graham . . . . . . . . . . .209
Effects of that war on the British Newfoundland fisheries. . .ib.
Treaties of 1783, with America and with France . . . . . . .209
Change in the French boundaries in Newfoundland. . . . . . . .210
Comparative increase of the British Newfoundland
fisheries in 1785. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Act regulating the intercourse between Newfoundland
and the United States of America. . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Act of 1786 for the encouragement of the Newfoundland
fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
Beneficial changes in the courts of Justice
Rear-Admiral Elliot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
Rear-Admiral Mark Milbanke Court of Common Pleas . . . . . .215
Establishment of the "Supreme Court of Judicature" . . . . . .216
Chief-Justice John Reeves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
Act of the 33d Geo. III. Capt. 76. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219
Clause respecting cases of insolvency. . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
CHAPTER XI
Continuation from 1793 to 1818
Causes which had hitherto prevented the British
Government from obtaining correct information
on the state of things in Newfoundland. . . . . . . . . .221
Important consequences of the late improvements in the
administration of justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224
State of the British Newfoundland fisheries in 1795. . . . . .225
Sir James Wallace and the French Admiral Richery . . . . . . .226
Vice-Admiral Waldegrave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Premature attempt to establish a college in Saint John's . . .228
Curious trial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
Vice-Admiral Gambier Mr. Joseph Trounsell. . . . . . . . . .236
State of Conception Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
Change there in the civil and ecclesiastical state of things .239
Society for Improving the Condition of the Poor, and
Sunday-schools in Conception Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . .241
A similar society established in Saint John's. . . . . . . . .ib.
Other improvement in Conception-Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Treaty of Amieus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
Renewal of hostilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
A female Indian in Saint John's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
Loss of the Lady Hobart packet, and arrival of her
passengers and crew in Conception Bay . . . . . . . . . .247
Printing-office established Volunteer militia formed
in Saint John's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248
Post-office established in Saint John's and Conception-Bay . .249
Act of 1809 Coast of Labrador re-annexed to the government
of Newfoundland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249
First attempt to open a communication with the native
Indians of Newfoundland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Scarcity of cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
Sir John Thomas Duckworth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
Second attempt respecting the native Indians . . . . . . . . .ib.
Sale of ships-rooms in Saint John's. . . . . . . . . . . . . .254
Third attempt respecting the native Indians. . . . . . . . . .256
War with America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258
Ravages by the small-pox in Saint John's . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Fire in Harbour-Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
The History of Newfoundland continued to the year 1818 . . . .260
C HAPTER XII
Description of the Banks and Island of Newfoundland and the Coast of Labrador
Theory of the Abbe Clavigero concerning the first
peopling of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
Atalantis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278
Revolutions produced by volcanoes and earthquakes. . . . . . .279
Remarkable earthquakes in Canada in 1663,
and at Boston in 1727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
Traces of volcanoes in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
Extraordinary structure of the island and banks of Newfoundland283
Outer or False Bank Great Bank Other banks . . . . . . . .284
Various theories concerning those banks. . . . . . . . . . . .286
Gulf-Stream Drift wood, &c.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Difference in length of the voyages to and fro, between
Europe and North America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291
Gulf-weed Fogs on the banks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292
Appearance and description of the island of Newfoundland . . .293
Avalon Trinity-Bay Baccalao Island . . . . . . . . . . . .295
Conception Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297
Saint John's Bay Bulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302
Southern Coast Trepassey Bay Saint Mary's Bay. . . . . . .308
Placentia Bay Richard Brothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310
Fortune-Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312
Penguin, Burgeo, and other islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313
Western coast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314
Bay of Islands Bonne Bay Ingornachois-Bay. . . . . . . . .315
Saint John's Bay and Highlands Pistolet Bay
Hare Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
White Bay Bay of Exploits Gander Bay
New World Island Twillingate Fogo . . . . . . . . .317
Bonavista Bay Green's Pond Islands Catalina Harbour. . . .318
Islands of Saint Peter and Miquelons . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
Saint Peter's Bank Anticosti Island. . . . . . . . . . . . .322
Coast of Labrador History Seals and dogs. . . . . . . . .323
Mecatina and Shecatica Bay Saint Augustine's Square. . . . .326
Straits of Belle-Isle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327
Attempts to discover a north-west passage to India
Cabot Thorne Frobisher Davis Hudson . . . . . .329
CHAPTER XIII
Of the Climate of Newfoundland and Coast of Labrador
Peculiar character of the climate of North America . . . . . .334
Comparison between the climates of Newfoundland
and of Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343
Winter in Newfoundland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
Effects of cold on the extremities of animals. . . . . . . . .348
Aurora Borealis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
Islands and fields of ice Frozen fogs,
or frost smoke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351
Mode of opening a passage for vessels
through the ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Spring Summer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354
Splendid appearance of Conception Bay
during the capelin-scull. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Fall, and approach of winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355
Whether the climate of Newfoundland is capable
of improvement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
CHAPTER XIV
Of the Natural productions of the Island of Newfoundland
and of the Coast of Labrador
Attempts towards agricultural improvements . . . . . . . . . .358
Mode of planting potatoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
Kitchen gardens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360
Fruits Berries - Indian tea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361
Side saddle flower,or pitcher plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
Cotton reeds Flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
"A short feast and a long famine"3 63
Trees "Newfoundland coffins" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Animal flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366
Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367
Catalina stone burning mountain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369
Labrador stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373
Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Fur-hunting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375
Change in the colour of animals in winter. . . . . . . . . . .376
Traps and snares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
Newfoundland dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
Essential differences between the Greenland and
the Newfoundland dogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
Gnats, or mosquitoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388
Poultry Wild fowl Wild geese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389
Partridges, &c.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391
Various kinds of sea birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Baccalao birds, how far useful navigation. . . . . . . . . . .392
Penguin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393
Morses, or sea cows Whales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394
Fatal issue of an attempt in the whale fishery in
Conception Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397
Cod fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399
Trout; eels; lobsters; plaice; &c. . . . . . . . . . . .400
Capelin Capelin seines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401
Herrings, their annual migrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402
Lance Squid, cuttle fish, or ink-fish- Mackarel. . . . . . .407
Jiggers used in fishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
Extraordinary voraciousness and fecundity of the codfish . . .409
Other peculiarities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410
Stones in the head of this fish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411
CHAPTER XV
Of the Newfoundland Fisheries
Seal and seal fishery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
Uses of the seal to Greenlanders and to Europeans. . . . . . .417
Of the flesh of seals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417
State of the Newfoundland coast at the time of the seal fishery418
Manner of proceeding in this fishery . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
Mode of making seal oil Blubber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424
Effect of oil on the agitated surface of the sea,
from which l'Abbe Raynal foretold wonderful
improvements in navigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426
Mode of preparing seal skins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428
Mode of proceedings in the cod fishery . . . . . . . . . . . .429
Fishing Curing Salting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Drying Laying rooms Hand and broad flakes. . . . . . . . .435
Hardships attending the cod fishery. . . . . . . . . . . . . .438
Maggotty; salt burnt; sun burnt; slimy; dunfish. . . .439
Mud-fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441
Cod-seines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441
Shore fishery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442
Northern fishery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443
Labrador fishery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444
Bank fishery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445
Western fishery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446
Cod oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
CHAPTER XVI
Of the Character and Manners of the Aborigines and other
Inhabitants of the Island of Newfoundland
How far gradual improvement is a most conspicuous law
of the nature of man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Anecdote related by Doctor Franklin (Note) . . . . . . . . . . .
The North American Indians nearly the same in the
nineteenth century as when first discovered . . . . . . .ib.
Artful and revengeful; not numerous; indolent. . . . . . . . .452
Of the Newfoundland Indians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456
As described by Cabot; Broughton; James Cartier;
Sir Martin Frobisher; Guy; by Clarke,
in 1696; and by Patrick Gordon, in 1722 . . . . . . . .457
Inhabitants of European extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461
How far the seed is affected by difference of climate. . . . .ib.
By the nature of the country; by diet. . . . . . . . . . . . .463
Of fish diet Of the constant use of tea
Spruce beer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ib.
Houses Tilts Linneys Kitchens. . . . . . . . . . . . . .466
Character of the women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468
Longevity Diseases - Customs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469
Saluting the bride Marriages Christenings. . . . . . . . .470
Funeral ceremonies Waking the dead . . . . . . . . . . . . .471
Festivals of Saint George and Saint Patrick. . . . . . . . . .472
Horse shoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473
Candlemans day Ash Wednesday Dragging the log. . . . . . .474
Christmas-log, or Yule festival Christmas boxes
Mumming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475
General character of the inhabitants of Conception Bay . . . .477
Religious professions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478
Courts of justice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480
APPENDIX
Note:
1. Northmanna-land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487
2. Ancient ships and boats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .489
3. Abraham Ortelio's "Orbis Terrae theatrum" . . . . . . . .490
4. Names of Newfoundland, of West Indies, and of Indians . .492
5. Revolutions in the Arctic ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493
6. King Charles's commission for the better government of Newfoundland495
7. Ordinance of Louis XIV. Concerning the marine and the fisheries503
8. Introduction of the patata by Sir Walter Raleigh. . . . .510
9. Of the use of iron among the savages of North America . .511